Wolf
Teeth
by Larry Kimberlin D.V.M.
In this article we are only going to concentrate on one particular
tooth. Most novice horse owners and a fair percentage of “old
timers” are unaware of its existence and the effects that it
can have on performance. This tooth is the wolf tooth.
I
am commonly presented with a young horse that has just been started
by a trainer or is about to go to a trainer and the owner been instructed
to “get the wolf teeth removed”. They don’t where
they are or what they are but they do know that they need to be removed.
I have even been in barns with experienced trainers that did not know
about wolf teeth. Hopefully after you finish reading this article
you will know everything (and probably more) about wolf teeth that
you need to be a good steward to your horse.
I
would like to be able to discuss the origin of the term wolf teeth
– but despite doing literature searches and consulting all of
the texts that I own I have not seen a legitimate explanation of the
origin of this term. I am sure that is a laymen or slang term that
I suspect was used to describe this tooth because it resembles and
is placed somewhat like the fang tooth in a wolf or dog. I will include
a picture later that will help illustrate this.
The wolf tooth is actually the first premolar tooth. There is a system
of identifying individual teeth used by dentists called the triadan
numbering system. The wolf teeth are designated by the number 05 in
this system and are called 105-405 depending on the arcade that they
reside in.
The
wolf tooth is a vestigial tooth. Primitive horses that roamed the
native grasslands had 7 functional cheek teeth in each arcade. You
will notice that the modern horse only has 6 teeth per arcade. The
wolf tooth has become less useful and has shrunken or disappeared
entirely many horses as the horse has evolved. This is similar to
the dewclaw on a dog.
Wolf
teeth are present in 40 – 80% of the general horse population.
This number is quite variable and depends a lot on the breed and linage
of the individual. The most common presentation of wolf teeth is one
pair of upper wolf teeth – but there may only be one tooth present
and there can be as many as 4 teeth – an upper and lower pair.
I tend to see wolf teeth present more often in males then females
but can be present in all horses. The wolf tooth erupts between the
ages of 5 – 18 months depending on the breed – but most
often is present by 1 year in most horses that I see.
What
does it look like and where is it? Following the old adage that a
picture is worth…. You know.
This
picture is an excellent view of the wolf tooth indicated by the yellow
arrow. The blue arrow points to a new permanent tooth erupting and
pushing a “cap” out of its way. Notice the shape and position
of the wolf tooth.
Why
all the fuss about this little tooth? The major importance of wolf
teeth and the performance horse lies in the fact that this little
tooth sits in a position that can interfere with the bit. It also
prevents the rounding of the first true cheek teeth in what we call
a bit seat. The tooth does not do any harm or cause problems with
chewing in the pasture horse or brood mare. If you don’t put
a bit in the horses mouth then the wolf tooth is unimportant.
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